Effect of different source terms and inflow direction in atmospheric boundary modeling over the complex terrain site of Perdigão

Abstract. Assessing wind conditions in complex terrain requires computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations incorporating an accurate parameterization of forest canopy effects and Coriolis effects. This study investigates how source terms such as the presence trees force can improve flow predictions. Furthermore, examines impact using different sets atmospheric boundary layer inflow profiles, including idealized profiles with a logarithmic velocity profile, set fully developed from pressure-driven precursor simulation. A three-dimensional steady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations model is up OpenFOAM to simulate over site comprising two parallel ridges near Perdigão, Portugal. 7.5 km×7.5 km Perdigão constructed elevation data centered around 100 m met-mast located on southwest ridge. 30 min averaged stationary period simulated, which corresponds near-neutral at Tower 20 The coming 231∘ height above ground 20. Five case setups are simulated combination terms, turbulence models profiles. prediction capability these analyzed for groups towers ridge and, further downstream inside valley, northeast Including improves predictions close most valley. Large uncertainties seen field measurement recirculation zone, large errors velocity, direction turbulent kinetic models. dependent extent predicted plays important role profile